Ethiopian Calendar vs. Gregorian Calendar: A Comparative Overview

Rev. 2: Ethiopian Calendar vs. Gregorian Calendar: A Comparison at a Glance/የኢትዮጵያ የቀን መቁጠሪያ እና የግሪጎሪያን የቀን መቁጠሪያ በአንድ እይታ

The Ethiopian Calendar, also known as the Ge’ez Calendar, is a unique and ancient timekeeping system still actively used in Ethiopia and by the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church worldwide. Unlike the globally dominant Gregorian Calendar, the Ethiopian Calendar is deeply rooted in Biblical traditions, Coptic Christian practices, and Ethiopia’s agricultural cycles (Kaplan, 1982). This article explores the origins, structure, and cultural significance of both calendars, highlighting their differences and the enduring legacy of Ethiopia’s timekeeping tradition.

As of today, September 11, 2025, the Gregorian Calendar marks the year 2025 A.D., while the Ethiopian Calendar celebrates 2018 E.C. This 7–8-year gap stems from differing calculations of the date of Jesus Christ’s birth, a foundational element of both systems (Ratzinger, 2012).

Historical and Religious Foundations

Ethiopian Calendar

• Origin: Rooted in the Alexandrian (Coptic) Calendar, the Ethiopian Calendar traces its origins to early Christian traditions and Ge’ez culture. Tradition holds that it has been in use since antiquity, tied to calculations dating back to 5500 BC, and that it marks the repentance of Adam and Eve in some theological interpretations (Ullendorff, 1968).
• Christ’s Birth: The Ethiopian New Year, Enkutatash, celebrated every Meskerem 1 (September 11/12), is not just a seasonal celebration of harvest and renewal but also a spiritual reminder of God’s covenant. The blooming of the Adey Abeba (yellow daisies) symbolizes purity and divine renewal, echoing the hope that came with Christ’s birth after 5500 years.
• Structure: Comprises 13 months—12 months of 30 days each, plus a short 13th month called Pagume (5 days in a common year, 6 in a leap year) (Pankhurst, 1998).
• New Year: Celebrated on Meskerem 1 (September 11 or 12 in the Gregorian Calendar), known as Enkutatash (meaning “gift of jewels”) (Munro-Hay, 1991).
• Christmas (Gena): Observed on Yekatit 29 or Tahisas 29 (January 7 in the Gregorian Calendar) (Kaplan, 1982).
• Symbolic Meaning: Time as a Covenant: The Ethiopian calendar embodies God’s faithfulness in fulfilling promises. Christ and Renewal: Just as Enkutatash brings a new season, Christ’s birth brought spiritual renewal to humanity. Heritage of Faith: By keeping the Ge’ez calendar, Ethiopians preserve not only cultural independence but also a theological tradition stretching back millennia.

Fig. 1 Fulfillment of the Divine Promise

Gregorian Calendar

• Origin: Introduced in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII to reform the less accurate Julian Calendar, aligning it with the solar year (Pankhurst, 1998).
• Christ’s Birth: Sets the birth of Jesus at 1 A.D., though modern scholarship suggests a miscalculation, placing it closer to 4–6 BC (Ratzinger, 2012).
• Structure: Consists of 12 months with varying lengths (28/29, 30, or 31 days) (Pankhurst, 1998).
• New Year: January 1.
• Christmas: Celebrated on December 25.

Table 1: Key Differences at a Glance <Sample>

Enkutatash(እንቁጣጣሽ): The Ethiopian New Year

Enkutatash (“gift of jewels”) is one of Ethiopia’s most cherished holidays, celebrated on Meskerem 1. The name, meaning “gift of jewels,” is tied to the legend of the Queen of Sheba, who returned from Jerusalem with precious gifts from King Solomon (Munro-Hay, 1991). The holiday marks the end of the rainy season and the beginning of the harvest, symbolizing renewal and hope (Pankhurst, 1998).

Cultural Practices

• Family Gatherings: Families come together for feasts, traditional songs, and blessings, strengthening communal bonds (Kaplan, 1982).
• Children’s Traditions: Children sing Enkutatash songs and present bouquets of Adey Abeba (yellow daisies), receiving small gifts or money in return (Pankhurst, 1998).
• Religious Observances: Ethiopian Orthodox churches hold vibrant services with hymns, prayers, and sermons celebrating renewal and gratitude (Ullendorff, 1968).
• Symbolism: Adey Abeba flowers represent purity and optimism, while the holiday’s timing reflects Ethiopia’s agricultural rhythms and spiritual heritage (Marcus, 2002).

Cultural Significance and Resilience

Ethiopia’s calendar is more than a method of timekeeping—it is a testament to the country’s cultural and historical continuity. As one of the few African nations never colonized, Ethiopia preserved its Ge’ez script, language, and calendar, resisting external pressures to adopt Western systems (Marcus, 2002). The calendar remains integral to religious practices, national holidays, and rural life, embodying Ethiopia’s identity as a cradle of ancient civilization (Ullendorff, 1968).

The Ethiopian Calendar’s alignment with the Coptic tradition and its 13-month structure make it uniquely suited to Ethiopia’s Orthodox Christian practices and seasonal cycles. For instance, the consistent 30-day months simplify planning for agricultural communities, while Pagume serves as a period of reflection before the new year (Pankhurst, 1998).

Critiques and Historical Context

The Gregorian Calendar, while globally standardized, is not infallible. Its calculation of Christ’s birth at 1 A.D. has been questioned by scholars, with evidence suggesting Jesus was born between 6 and 4 BC, closer to the Ethiopian Calendar’s estimate (Ratzinger, 2012). This discrepancy lends credibility to Ethiopia’s dating system. Additionally, the Gregorian Calendar’s uneven month lengths and complex leap-year rules contrast with the Ethiopian Calendar’s simplicity and consistency (Pankhurst, 1998).

Fig. 2 Reckoning the Birth of Jesus

Conclusion

The Ethiopian and Gregorian calendars represent distinct approaches to timekeeping, each shaped by its cultural, religious, and historical context. The Ethiopian Calendar, with its 13-month structure and deep ties to Ge’ez and Orthodox Christian traditions, stands as a symbol of Ethiopia’s resilience and independence (Marcus, 2002). The Gregorian Calendar, a product of 16th-century European reform, offers a standardized global framework but lacks the cultural depth of Ethiopia’s system (Pankhurst, 1998).

As Ethiopia celebrates መልካም እንቁጣጣሽ 2018 ዓ.ም (Happy Ethiopian New Year 2018 E.C.), the calendar serves as a reminder that time is not merely a measure of days but a reflection of heritage, faith, and community.

References

• Kaplan, S. (1982). The Ethiopian Orthodox Church: A History. London: Routledge.
• Marcus, H. G. (2002). A History of Ethiopia. University of California Press.
• Munro-Hay, S. C. (1991). Aksum: An African Civilization of Late Antiquity. Edinburgh University Press.
• Pankhurst, R. (1998). The Ethiopians: A History. Wiley-Blackwell.
• Ratzinger, J. (Pope Benedict XVI). (2012). Jesus of Nazareth: The Infancy Narratives. New York: Image Books.
• Ullendorff, E. (1968). Ethiopia and the Bible. Oxford University Press.
• Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church – Calendar explainer Official EOTC page noting the Church “holds that our Lord was born 5,500 years after the creation of the world,” which explains the 7–8-year difference with the Gregorian count. Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church
• EOTC (parish resource) on Lidet/Genna (Christmas) states that “the 5,500-year period from the beginning of Adam to… Jesus Christ’s birth was counted down to zero,” and gives the Ethiopian dating for Christmas. Keraneyo MedhaneAlem
• Anglo-Ethiopian Society – “Seven Years Younger” (historical overview) Explains Ethiopian eras: Amete Alem (Era of the World) places Creation 5,500 years before the Annunciation, and the Era of the Incarnation begins 5,500 years after Creation. anglo-ethiopian.org
• Culture Trip – Why the Ethiopian Calendar is 7 Years Behind Summarizes Bahere-Hasab (Bahire Hasab) logic: after Adam and Eve’s fall and repentance, God promised redemption after 5,500 years—a basis for the Ethiopian count. Culture Trip
• Scholarly/encyclopedic framing of the Incarnation era On the Ethiopian calendar’s Incarnation Era (based on Annianus of Alexandria’s calculation), which differs from the Western Dionysian era—key to the 7–8-year offset. Wikipedia
• Background on parallel 5,5xx-year chronologies in Christian traditions The Byzantine/Annunciation era also put Creation c. 5,509–5,500 years before Christ, showing the broader late-antique context for such computations. Wikipedia
• Educational PDF handout (Ethiopian source) Describes the promise to Adam—“when five and a half days are full, I will be born of your offspring” (interpreting a “day” as 1,000 years, 2 Peter 3:8)—and ties it to the 5,500 years culminating in Christ’s birth. An Ethiopian Journal/Jesus of Nazareth: The Infancy Narratives.

Link 

 

AI Just Ate Homework, Tests, and Half of All Jobs. Time to Build the School System Our Children Deserve.

Stop Educating Kids for 1950. Start Preparing Them for 2040; 

An Open Letter from 2025.

AI no longer behaves purely like a machine; it is evolving, learning, scaling, and reasoning at speeds that surpass any biological species. In just the past 36 months, we've seen the emergence of what leading researchers now openly call a new digital organism: superhuman processing speed, perfect recall, multimodal understanding, autonomous agency, exponential growth in parameters, and hive-level collective intelligence.[¹] This synthetic species is already surpassing humans in nearly every measurable cognitive aspect of knowledge work, and it is rapidly expanding worldwide.

Fig. 1 Design for the World That No Longer Exists, Build for the World We Live In

While we keep running schools as if nothing has changed, the world our children will inherit in 2040 has already begun.

Dear educators, parents, policymakers, and everyone who cares about the next generation,

The factory-era school model is outdated. We still group children by birth year, ring bells every 45 minutes, guide them through identical textbooks, and assess their performance with bubble-sheet tests that any free or $20 AI can now excel at in milliseconds. This system was never meant to develop innovators or resilient individuals; it was created to produce obedient workers who follow instructions and show up on time. That world is gone.

Routine tasks like memorizing facts, calculating, retrieving information, writing basic code, legal research, translation, and even diagnosing common diseases are being automated faster than most school boards can hold a committee meeting.

Global labor experts concur that by 2030, 47% of present tasks will be automated or undergo substantial transformation.[²][³] By the year 2040, upon the graduation of today’s kindergarten students, the majority of occupations they may seek will either have ceased to exist or will necessitate entirely novel skills beyond the scope of conventional curricula.

Teaching under the assumption that memorization is the ultimate human skill is not only outdated but also constitutes educational malpractice.

We don’t need another patch for a 1900 model; we need a full replacement.

Here's what a curriculum designed for the future looks like:

1. AI fluency is the new literacy: Every child must leave school able to collaborate with AI, just as previous generations learned to read and write through prompt engineering, fine-tuning, bias detection, ethical overrides, and knowing when to turn the machine off.
2. Mathematics reimagined: Emphasizing less rote algebra and instead focusing significantly on statistics, probability, optimization, linear algebra, game theory, and Bayesian reasoning; the mathematical foundations that truly drive artificial intelligence and other high-impact disciplines.
3. Project-Based, Real-World Mastery: Replace seat time with long-form, interdisciplinary projects. A 14-year-old should ship products, publish research, or solve real community problems.
4. Entrepreneurship and systems thinking are integrated from a young age: From the age of 10, students manage real micro-businesses, Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs), non-profit entities, or open-source projects, acquiring knowledge in accounting, marketing, ethics, and regulation in a manner comparable to how previous generations learned cursive.
5. Human skills amplified, not replaced: Creativity, moral philosophy, storytelling, empathy, negotiation, leadership, and aesthetics become core subjects, not electives.
6. Personalized Pathways and Stackable Credentials: Break the conveyor belt. Award industry-recognized micro-credentials throughout life, not just one diploma at 18.
7. Lifelong Learning Infrastructure School is the start, not the finish: Every citizen receives free or affordable reskilling every 3–5 years.

This is not science fiction. Singapore, Estonia, Finland, China (including Beijing, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang), South Korea, Canada (including Ontario), and numerous innovative districts and charter networks across the United States are already implementing extensive portions of this initiative with remarkable outcomes. [⁴][⁵][⁶]

The tools are available. The research is there. The proof points are present. The only thing lacking is courage.

To those who say, “We cannot afford this,” I reply: We cannot afford not to. To those who ask, “But what about the basics?” I answer: The fundamentals have changed.

We are the first generation capable of clearly understanding the world our children will inherit. Ignorance is no longer an excuse.

Could you stop patching the sinking ship and start building the ark? It's time to focus on larger solutions that can truly make a difference.

The class of 2040 is already in our classrooms. They deserve an education that enables them to grow alongside a new digital species, not one that conditions them to be defeated by it.

The era of gradual change has ended. The moment for transformation is here.

With urgency and unrelenting hope,

A parent, educator, and technologist who refuses to stay silent (not a guru or a politician),

References

1. Leopold Aschenbrenner, “Situational Awareness: The Decade Ahead” (June 2024); Epoch AI, “Trends in Machine Learning” (2024–2025 updates).

2. World Economic Forum, “The Future of Jobs Report 2023”.

3. McKinsey Global Institute, “Jobs Lost, Jobs Gained: Workforce Transitions in a Time of Automation” (updated 2023–2024 projections).

4. Ministry of Education Singapore, “Learn for Life” reforms & Skills Future framework (2019–2025).

5.  OECD Education 2030 Framework & PISA Innovative Schools reports – Estonia, Finland, Ontario, Shanghai (2023–2025).

6. Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, “2024–2035 Master Plan on Building China into a Leading Country in Education” (2025); OECD PISA Reports on Beijing-Jiangsu-Zhejiang-Shanghai (2022–2025 updates); South Korea Ministry of Education, “Education Innovation Roadmap” (2024–2028)

By Dr. Fitsum 

December 4, 2025

Crucial Element to Play the WIN and WIN Game 

key Performance Indicator (KPI) Plus Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)

KPI is a crucial element to play the WIN and WIN game rules for the competitor industrial applications.

Main KPI parameters: 

1. The quality,
2. Cost,
3. Flexibility,
4. Reliability,
5. Safety, 
6. Environment/community, 
7. Employees satisfaction, 
8. Customer satisfaction,
9. Learning and growth.

KPI is the physical values to measure, compare, and manage the overall organizational performance; while AHP is a tool for decision.

The Action of Predicting the Pandemic and World Preparation

An Epidemic to Pandemic COVID-19/CORA-VIRUS

The pandemic COVID-19/CORA-virus nowadays is increasing in worldwide exponentially. The World Health Organization (WHO) officially gave international name so-called COVID-19 (2019 novel coronavirus) to discuss the prevention, spread, transmissibility, severity, and treatment. The name was given on February 11, 2020 (ref.1). These days the world scientists, doctors and engineers are doing research vigilantly to exterminate Cora-virus.

The discovery of the CORA/CORONA Name

The word Cora in classical mythology means the goddess of fertility in the underworld life (ref.2). The hereditary common Corona name existed in between 1842 and 1920 in the USA, Canada, and Scotland. The Corona surname was implied in California, USA in 1920 (ref.3). Whereas in the scientific world, Corona viruses name derives after electron microscopic examination and illustration, looks like a “corona,” or halo (sun surrounds rays or crown) (ref.4).

The most common signs of coronavirus and timeline 

It is very important to know the common symptoms and timelines of this diseases to prevent the spread of the virus (shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2.). In addition to fever, dry cough, fatigue, etc. Recently research in CDC shows coronavirus symptoms include muscle pain, a red throat (pharyngeal erythema), skin problems, inflammatory, red eyes, chapped lips, loss of taste, and smell (ref.5-8). This is an airborne disease; it spreads so easily because it’s contagious about a day before you notice the first symptoms. This pointed out how critical to avoid touching your face, nose and eyes to stop the spread of the disease.

Figure 1 The common symptoms of corona-virus (ref.5)

Figure 2 COVID-19 symptoms and Timeline (ref.6)

The Worst Epidemic and Pandemic Virus in history
The top 20-21*of the worst epidemics and pandemics virus in historical places, starting from 3000 B.C. up to present day (ref.9).
1. Circa 3000 B.C. from China
2. Plague of Athens: 430 B.C.
3. Antonine Plague: A.D. 165-180
4. Plague of Cyprian: A.D. 250-2714. Plague of Cyprian: A.D. 250-271
6. The Black Death: 1346-1357. 
7. Cocoliztli epidemic: 1545-1548 
8. American Plagues: 16th century
9. Great Plague of London: 1665-1666
10.Great Plague of Marseille: 1720-1723
11.Russian plague: 1770-1772
12. Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic: 1793
13. Flu pandemic: 1889-1890
14. American polio epidemic: 1916
16. Asian Flu: 1957-1958 
17. AIDS pandemic and epidemic: 1981-present day
18. H1N1 Swine Flu pandemic: 2009-2010
19. West African Ebola epidemic: 2014-2016 
20. Zika Virus epidemic: 2015-present day 
21*. COVID-19 Virus pandemic: 2019-present day

COVID_19 first time started in Wuhan, China in late 2019 where the gears have changed from epidemic to extremely severe pandemic. This killer looks like crown-spike on the surface, the cross-section shows the inner components of the virus shown in Figure 3 were derived from a CDC released image (re.7). 

Figure 3 3D Medical illustration of 2019 Novel Coronavirus,

The Common Human Coronaviruses

The human coronaviruses were first identified in the mid of 1960s (ref.10); the coronaviruses that can infect people are known as alpha (α), beta (β), gamma (γ), and delta (δ) (ref.10).

1. 229E (α coronavirus)

2. NL63 (α coronavirus)

3. OC43 (β coronavirus)

4. HKU1 (β coronavirus)

5. MERS-CoV (the beta coronavirus that causes Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, or MERS)

6. SARS-CoV (the beta coronavirus that causes Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, or SARS)

7. SARS-CoV-2 (the novel coronavirus that causes coronavirus disease 2019, or COVID-19)

Blood Type Associated with COVID-19

No matter what blood type you have, keeping a healthy lifestyle, and managing health contingency factors is very important for avoiding diseases. Lately the study in the southern university of science and technology in China concerning blood type associated with coronavirus have shown a significantly higher risk for blood type A and lower risk for the blood type O infection (ref.11-12). In addition to this study, people with type O blood have the lowest risk of developing circulatory diseases and cognitive disorders like coronary heart disease and pancreatic cancer compared to people with A, B, and AB blood types(ref.11).

The Situation of the Virus

It's very suspicious, this Covid-19 virus can be transmitted from humans to animals and vice versa. Recently, in New York at the Bronx Zoo, four tigers and three lions have tested COVID-19 positive (ref.13). The situation of the virus may occur naturally from animals (bat or pangolins); may have escaped from the research facility lab in Wuhan due to poor safety protocols (ref.14). Other suggestions or conspiracy could be a biowarfare virus while this ideology comprehensively rejected by scientists (ref.15).

 

The H1NI flu ''Spanish flu'' killed 50 million internationally and 675,000 people in the United States in 1918 (ref.16). Nowadays, the world is struggling were never by this virus; in worldwide contemporary 4,652,420 cases and 309,086 deaths are registered as of May 16, 2020, and the USA is the top number one country by having 1,484,579 cases and 88,523 deaths (ref.17). 

The action of Predicting the Pandemic and World Preparation

Related to the pandemic virus, the entertainment industry particularly Hollywood film production predicted in a very similar way in Contagion movie, 2011. This industry made more than 50 movies related to airborne pathogens disease (ref. 18). Some of the overwhelmed conspiracy theories under this virus have been doing viral on social media like 'The Eyes of The Darkness', 'End of Days' and ‘Bart to the Future'. Any of these predictions are pure speculation. Researchers or specialists are more accurate, and all say the same thing again and again. Bill Gates predicted coronavirus outbreak death by citing research from the Institute for Disease Modeling (The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security) in 2018, researcher modeled on SARS and run a simulation suggested 65 million people could die within 18 months (ref.19). Despite having this predication, the world is not prepared for it.

Coronavirus map as of May 10, 2020 tracking the global outbreak by the New York times shows in Figure 4.

Figure 4 The global outbreak Coronavirus map tracking

Figure 5 Cumulative number of cases (by number of days since 10,000 cases)

What you can do to Protect and Prevent Spreading of Covid-19?

We all are under extremely high-pressure by an airborne disease; thousands of people are dying each day. World is never experience before by this most contagious virus. All of us should fight like a soldier in this battle, not only medical doctors but also engineers across the world should react proactively to prepare significant solutions by inventing sustainable Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), create portable-faster, and accurate test equipment, breathing and respiratory equipment generate new model systems to predicted and understand physiology and chemistry effects of Covid virus.

Presently we have an unbounded global spread of COVID-19; all of us affected either directly by the virus or through droplets generated when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or speaks. Aerosolized coronavirus particles can remain viable up to three hours in the air, indicating it can infect a person within these hours after being expelled (ref.20). You can be infected by breathing in the virus if you are within one meter of a person who has COVID-19, or by touching a contaminated surface and then touching your eyes, nose, or mouth. The most high-touch contaminated surfaces are door handle, elevator buttons, pedestrian crosswalk traffic light button, shopping cart handles, public bathroom fixtures, vending machines, public trolleys, steering wheel, keys, bus handrails, and train handrails. Make ensures your hands are clean disinfected again and won't transfer the virus to your equipment and meticulously care for your body interaction. Don't ever touch your face, habituate this behavior. Avoid close contact with people minimum 2m away from vulnerable folks who have active symptoms of disease. You must handle those types of interaction carefully by gloves or disinfect it (sanitize by alcohol) and wash your hand thoroughly to protect your family (at least 20 seconds) before contacting them change your cloth and take shower if you are coming from the outdoor. Numerous precaution measures must be taken by us to protect and prevent spreading the virus between the public.

Most importantly, do not fear, do no panic and do no lose displeasure, this is our common sorrow and pain. Simple method to control and prevent; stay home sweet home, follow common hygiene, do not t neglect basic PPE and protective measures. The Covid-19 is different virus, stay aware of and get latest updated real information from WHO and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Stay Home like Isaac Newton during Pandemic Virus, and make 2020 a ‘Wonder Year’

Like this pandemic virus in 1665-1666 (Great Plague) Newton was under lock-down in London at his early age 20s from his university Cambridge, the miracles times to think came for him, he began work on his discoveries in the fields of calculus, motion, optics and gravitation. Thus, do not go outside and take your life in risk, it is good to be home, stay at your disposal, study, think positive and discover science and make 2020 ‘wonder years’, God will always make a way. One of the best-known children's songs during epidemic Great Plague, since 1666 from the English-speaking world (ref. 21-22).

"Ring-a-ring of roses,

A pocketful of posies,

Attischo, Attischo,

We all fall down”

References

1. https://www.livescience.com/worst-epidemics-and-pandemics-in-history.html
2. https://nameberry.com/babyname/Cora
3. https://www.ancestry.com/name-origin?surname=corona
4. https://www.sciencenewsforstudents.org/article/explainer-what-is-a-coronavirus
5. https://www.freep.com/story/news/health/2020/03/11/coronavirus-symptoms-testing-covid19/5020645002/
6. https://www.healio.com/pediatrics/emerging-diseases/news/online/%7B50cc6414-cc52-491397a2-a5ca217b6caf%7D/common-covid-19-symptoms-in-kids-include-fever-cough-red-throat
7. https://www.cleveland.com/news/2020/04/covid-toes-odd-rashes-health-care-professionals-explore-role-skin-problems-could-have-in-coronavirus-diagnosis.html
8. https://www.the-sun.com/news/837947/mom-reveals-sons-symptoms-covid-linked-condition/utm_medium=browser_notifications&utm_source=pushly
9. https://nameberry.com/babyname/Cora
10. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/03/200317175442.htm
11. Ewald DR, Sumner SC. Blood type biochemistry and human disease.WileyInterdiscip Rev Syst Biol Med. 2016;8(6):517‐535.
12. https://www.pharmacytimes.com/news/study-suggests-blood-type-a-associated-with-higher-risk of-covid-19
13. https://abc7ny.com/bronx-zoo-tiger-with-coronavirus-tigers-lions/6122810/
14. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/types.html
15. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2020/04/21/coronavirus-who-says-evidence-shows covid-19-not-made-lab/2995236001/
16. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/1918-pandemic-h1n1.html
17. https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/#countries
18. https://www.vulture.com/2020/04/best-pandemic-movies-on-netflix-hulu-prime-and-more.html
19. https://tbsnews.net/international/bill-gates-predicted-coronavirus-outbreak-death-33-million-  people-2018-39867
20. https://www.livescience.com/covid19-coronavirus-transmission-through-speech.html
21. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/03/200317175442.htm
22. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RVT4pt2FxXU